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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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soafrica.4
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1991-04-11
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Economy
Overview: Many of the white one-seventh of the South African
population enjoy incomes, material comforts, and health
and educational standards equal to those of Western Europe.
In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from
the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment,
lack of job skills, and barriers to movement into higher-paying
fields. Inputs and outputs thus do not move smoothly into
the most productive employments, and the effectiveness of
the market is further lowered by international constraints
on dealings with South Africa. The main strength of the
economy lies in its rich mineral resources, which provide
two-thirds of exports. Average growth of 2% in output in
recent years falls far short of the level needed to cut
into the high unemployment level.
GDP: $83.5 billion, per capita $2,380; real growth rate 3.2% (1988).
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.67% (1989).
Unemployment rate: 22% (1988); blacks 25-30%, up to 50% in homelands
(1988 est.).
Budget: revenues $24.3 billion; expenditures $27.3 billion,
including capital expenditures of $NA billion (FY91).
Exports: $21.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--gold 40%,
minerals and metals 23%, food 6%, chemicals 3%; partners--FRG,
Japan, UK, US, other EC, Hong Kong.
Imports: $18.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--machinery
27%, chemicals 11%, vehicles and aircraft 11%, textiles,
scientific instruments, base metals; partners--US, FRG, Japan, UK,
France, Italy, Switzerland.
External debt: $21.2 billion (1988 est.).
Industrial production: growth rate 5.6% (1988).
Electricity: 34,941,000 kW capacity; 158,000 million kWh
produced, 4,100 kWh per capita (1989).
Industries: mining (world's largest producer of diamonds,
gold, chrome), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery,
textile, iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer, foodstuffs.
Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP and 30% of labor force;
diversified agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products--
cattle, poultry, sheep, wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat; sugarcane,
fruits, vegetables; self-sufficient in food.
Aid: NA.
Currency: rand (plural--rand); 1 rand (R) = 100 cents.
Exchange rates: rand (R) per US$1--2.5555 (January 1990),
2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986),
2.1911 (1985).
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March.