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- Economy
-
- Overview: Many of the white one-seventh of the South African
- population enjoy incomes, material comforts, and health
- and educational standards equal to those of Western Europe.
- In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from
- the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment,
- lack of job skills, and barriers to movement into higher-paying
- fields. Inputs and outputs thus do not move smoothly into
- the most productive employments, and the effectiveness of
- the market is further lowered by international constraints
- on dealings with South Africa. The main strength of the
- economy lies in its rich mineral resources, which provide
- two-thirds of exports. Average growth of 2% in output in
- recent years falls far short of the level needed to cut
- into the high unemployment level.
-
- GDP: $83.5 billion, per capita $2,380; real growth rate 3.2% (1988).
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.67% (1989).
-
- Unemployment rate: 22% (1988); blacks 25-30%, up to 50% in homelands
- (1988 est.).
-
- Budget: revenues $24.3 billion; expenditures $27.3 billion,
- including capital expenditures of $NA billion (FY91).
-
- Exports: $21.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--gold 40%,
- minerals and metals 23%, food 6%, chemicals 3%; partners--FRG,
- Japan, UK, US, other EC, Hong Kong.
-
- Imports: $18.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--machinery
- 27%, chemicals 11%, vehicles and aircraft 11%, textiles,
- scientific instruments, base metals; partners--US, FRG, Japan, UK,
- France, Italy, Switzerland.
-
- External debt: $21.2 billion (1988 est.).
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 5.6% (1988).
-
- Electricity: 34,941,000 kW capacity; 158,000 million kWh
- produced, 4,100 kWh per capita (1989).
-
- Industries: mining (world's largest producer of diamonds,
- gold, chrome), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery,
- textile, iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer, foodstuffs.
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP and 30% of labor force;
- diversified agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products--
- cattle, poultry, sheep, wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat; sugarcane,
- fruits, vegetables; self-sufficient in food.
-
- Aid: NA.
-
- Currency: rand (plural--rand); 1 rand (R) = 100 cents.
-
- Exchange rates: rand (R) per US$1--2.5555 (January 1990),
- 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986),
- 2.1911 (1985).
-
- Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March.
-